آموزشي

ده تست زبان برای سوم راهنمایی عادی

eskandari — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 11:38:15 GMT

59. A:May I use your dictionary? B:………………….

1.Sure.Here you are 2.You' re welcome

3.Thank you very much 4.Excuse me

60.A:Are………fruits? B:No ,they are vegetables.

1.apples 2.peaches 3.oranges 4.potatoes

61.A:Do you know his address? B:No ,I should ………..the policeman.

1.answer 2.buy 3.ask 4.put

62.A:Is your………on the phone? B:Yes,I'm talking to her.

1.aunt 2.grand father 3.father 4.uncle

63.A:Why did'nt you put on your shirt? B:Because it was………. .

1.good 2.beautiful 3.dirty 4.cheap

64.A:Did she want a lot of money? B:No,she needed………. .

1.many 2.a little 3.much 4.a few

65.A:Do you know Tom's brother? B:Yes,I………him an hour ago.

1.am visiting 2.visit 3.was visiting 4.visited

66.A:………..did he travel to Shiraz? B:By airplane.

1.How 2.What time 3.Who 4.When

67.Which sentence is not true?

1.I have two large red books.

2.Mary's bicycle is near the door of the room.

3.I see a old woman in the street.

4.The colour of her dress is black.

68.Which word has a different sound?

1.head 2.please 3.heavy 4.bread

سی تست زبان انگلیسی برای سمپادی های دوم راهنمایی

eskandari — Tue, 10 Nov 2009 14:09:18 GMT

Choose the best answer:

1.A : Whose bicycle is that ? B : That's ……. bicycle.

a) Ali b ) he's c) my d) he

2 . A : What colour is that car ? B : It's ……………….. .

a) black car b) car black c) a black d) a black car

3 . A : What is there in your pocket ? B: ……………. some sweets.

a) It is b) There is c) They are d) There are

4 . A : When ………. Your teacher come into the class ? B : At 8

a) does b) is c) do d) have

5 . A : Do you know about biology well? B : No, I don't know ……. .

a) a little b) many c) much d) some

6 . A : What is your mother doing ? B: She ………. at school.

a) work b) works c) was d) is working

7 . A : Is it ten fifteen? B: Yes , It's ……….. ten .

a) a quarter to b) ten past c) a quarter past d)half past

8. A : Where is your father ? B: He is …….. a plane.

a) at b) in c) of d) on

9 . A : …………….do giraffes sleep ? B : For four hours.

a) What time b) How long c) When d) How many

10. Yesterday was Monday . Tomorrow is …………. .

A) Sunday b) Wednesday c) Tuesday d) Saturday

11 . Tehran Times is an ………….newspaper in Iran.

a) easy b) Arabic c) important d) famous

12. Villagers live in …………… .

a) cities b) flats c) picnic area d) cottages

13 . It's a mammal. It lives near rivers. Its skin is thick . It's a …….. .

a) horse b) panda c) crocodile d) hippopotamus

14 . People work in ………. in an industrial town .

a) shopping centers b) mines c) gardens d) offices

15. It's a place that you find old things there. It's a ………. .

a) museum b) theatre c) hospital d) market

16 .She doesn't need a comb . Her hair is very …….. .

a) long b) curly c) straight d) brown

17 . A: Take the map to show in the …………. class. B: OK.

a) history b) religion c) science d) geography

18 . A: How do Brazilian speak ? B: They speak …………. .

a) English b) Portuguese c) Spanish d) French

19 . A: Is there a ………. over the river ? B: Yes, cars and people cross there.

a) port b) boat c) bridge d) train

20. A:What do lions eat? B: They eat …….. .

a) meat b) grass c) plant d) leaves

21. A: How much should I pay for this CD? B: Nothing, It's……… .

a) expensive b) 50 pence c) big d) free

22. which sound is different?

a) orange b) work c) often d) shop

23. Which sentence is correct?

a) Half past nine is nine fifteen.

b) Ali has got blue short ruler.

c) I go to school with car.

d) I can pay £ 5 for this T – shirt.

Read this passage carefully and answer the questions:

There is a castle on a hill near our town in north west of London. It is large and dark .It has several rooms and a long garden full of yellow flowers. It's John Ken's castle .He's old, thin ,tall with long curly hair .He has no wife or child .He speaks a little but plays the piano all day long. He is really good at playing .He has a colorful parrot. It usually sits on his shoulder. Children of our town sometimes play around there. They call him granddad.

24. The castle is …….. .

a) long b) big c) new d) beautiful

25. John's favorite pet is a ………. .

a) mammal b) reptile c ) bird d) fish

26 . John is not a …....... man.

a) young b) old c ) tall d) thin

27 . He lives with his ……… .

a) wife b) children c) parrot d) family

28 . John plays the ……….. well.

a) football b) piano c) guitar d) children

29 . There are many flowers in the………..

a) rooms b) hill c) garden d) town

30 . The parrot usually sits on ……. .

a) the hill b) the castle c) the flowers d) John's shoulder

شگفتیهای زبان انگلیسی

eskandari — Thu, 30 Jul 2009 11:52:18 GMT

Read about strange English words

Strange English words

An overview of strange words in English is a difficult one, as there is no firm standard whereby to judge if a word has entered the language (particularly with regard to foreign words and neologisms---newly invented words) or departed the language through disuse.

For the purposes of this article, any word which has appeared in a recognized general English dictionary published in the 20th century or later is considered a candidate.

The dictionaries included as reference sources for this article are:

• OED - The Oxford English Dictionary (any post-1900 edition)
• WNID - Webster's New International Dictionary (any post-1900 edition)
• MWCD - Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (any post-1900 edition)
• OSPD - The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (any post-1900 edition)
• TMD - The Macquarie Dictionary (any post-1900 edition)
• RHUD - Random House Unabridged Dictionary (any post-1900 edition)

Strange spellings

Most people are aware that the letter y can serve as both a consonant and a vowel. However, cwm (pronounced "koom", defined as a steep-walled hollow on a hillside) is a rare case of a word using w as a vowel, as is crwth (pronounced "krooth", a type of stringed instrument). Both words are in MWCD. They derive from the Welsh use of w as a vowel. The word cwm is commonly applied to Welsh place names; cwms of glacial origin are a common feature of Welsh geography.

Arguably, however, both these examples may belong in 'Words of Foreign Origin', as they are actual words in the Welsh language which have been absorbed in the local forms of English. See 'coombe' as the south-west English equivalent of 'cwm'.

The longest word without repeating any letters

"Uncopyrightable", with fifteen letters, is the longest word in English in which no letter is used more than once.

5 vowels in a row

There is only one common word in English that has five vowels in a row: "queueing".

6 consonants in a row

The word "knightsbridge" has six consonants in a row, as does "latchstring".

5 vowels in alphabetical order

There are several words that feature all five vowels in alphabetical order, including "facetious" and "abstemious".

Strange pairs or groups of words

EWE and YOU are a pair of words with identical pronunciations that have no letters in common. Another example is the pair, EYE and I. However such word pairs are often dependent on the accent of the speaker. For instance Americans might well believe that A and EH form such a pair whereas other English speakers might not.

Strange pronunciation

The most notorious group of letters in the English language, ough, can be pronounced at least nine different ways.

"UFF" tough, enough
"OFF" cough
"OW" bough, slough
"OH" though, dough
"OR" thought Pronounced "AW" in American English
"OO" through
"UH" thorough Pronounced "OH" in American English
"UP" hiccough variant spelling of "hiccup", though the latter form is recommended in both British and US

برگرفته از سایت گوگل

شایستگیهایت را باور کن

eskandari — Tue, 14 Jul 2009 13:33:57 GMT

within you is a spirit

capable of touching the stars

within you is the ability to achieve your goals

and make your dreams come true

don't listen to others

or fear competition

or worry about wrong choices

in every experience

there is wisdom

to be gained

have faith in yourselfand move ahead with confidence

believing that you will fulfill

your potential

as the unique person

you were created to be.

Mary Hough Foote

روحی درتوست که به لمس ستارگان تواناست.

نیرویی در توست که می تواند به هدفهایت برساندت

و رویاهایت را جامه حقیقت بپوشاند.

از سرزنش دیگران و رقابت و تصمیم های نا درست ,بیم به خود راه مده

از هر تجربه باید دانشی اندوخت

به خود ایمان داشته باش و با اطمینان پیش رو

با این باور که شایستگی خود را نشان دهی

درست همان گونه که آفریده شده ای

تا وجودی یگانه باشی.

نکاتی برای تشخیص کلمات مشابه انگلیسی

eskandari — Tue, 14 Jul 2009 13:15:57 GMT

نکاتی برای تشخیص کلمات مشابه انگلیسی

یکی از مشکلات فراگیران زبانهای خارجه استفاده درست از کلمات است .بسیاری از کلمات مترادفهایی دارند که از نگاه یک خارجی بنظر یکسان می نمایند اما پس از کنکاش در میان کتابها ,فیلمها و منابع زبان اصلی می توان دریافت که بسیاری از آنها در کاربرد متفاوت هستند. در این بخش سعی شده نمونه هایی از این گروه کلمات معرفی گردند.

1-nearly – about

About یعنی تقریبا به معنی کمی کمتر یا کمی بیشتر.

He is about six feet tall.

Nearly یعنی تقریبا به معنی کمی کمتر از.

He is nearly six feet tall.

2-over – above

Overبه معنی (روی و بالای )بطور عمودی بالاتر از مکانی می باشد و مستقیما بالای چیزی را نشان میدهد بدون این که مستقیما روی آن قرار داشته باشد.

The clock is over the picture.

Above به معنی (روی –بالای )بالاتر از مکان معینی و بالاتر از over می باشد بدون این که مستقیما روی چیزی قرار گرفته باشد.

We flew above the clouds.

3- accept – agree

Accept به معنی پذیرفتن و قبول کردن چیزی می باشد.

We are not allowed to accept presents from customers.

Agree به معنی قبول کردن و موافقت کردن با مسئله ای میباشد.

Though Jimmy agreed to go at once Jumbo refused to move.

4- access – excess

Access به معنی راه ورودی می باشد.

There was no access to the house from the back.

Excess به معنی اضافه بار می باشد.

Don’t take much luggage when you fly, because there is a high charge for excess baggage.

5-event – accident

Accident به مفهوم هر گونه حادثه ای است که بطور اتفاقی بدون این که شخص انتظار آن را داشته باشد رخ میدهد.

She was killed in a motor car accident.

Event به مفهوم اتفاق مهمی است که رخ می دهد.

The battle of Azerbaijan was one of the most important events in the history of Iran.

6- pain – ache

Ache به صورت واژه مرکب همراه با اعضا زیر به کار می روند.

(stomach, back , ear , head , tooth)

That radio of yours is giving me a headache.

برای بقیه اعضا از ache به صورت فعل استفاده می کنیم.

My shoulders are aching.

Pain هیچگاه به صورت مرکب به کار نمی رود.

After the run , I had pains in my leg.

88 شاخه گل رز تقدیم به شما

eskandari — Mon, 23 Mar 2009 14:07:18 GMT

88شاخه گل رز تقدیم به شما

بازم یه سال دیگه هم گذشت . با تمام نشیب و فراز هاش , با تمام شادیها و غمهاش ,طلوع و غروبهاش که گاهی دلگیر و گاهی شعف انگیز بودن .یه سال دیگه ازکودکیمون فاصله گرفتیم . امسال چی پیش می آد؟ کی میدونه واقعا زندگی مثل یه فیلمی که هر صحنه اش همون لحظه ساخته میشه و میره رو اکران نمیشه تغییرشم داد بعد از اینکه بازیش کردی. کاشکی میشد هر صحنه هاش رواونقدر ماهرانه و عالی بازی کرد که موندنی ترین فیلم دنیا بشه

اینم یه داستان کوتاه برای پالیز

eskandari — Wed, 04 Feb 2009 11:21:17 GMT

Short Stories & Fiction Written by Kids & Teenagers

Justice

A short realistic fiction we had to write for school. I was so pissed off that we couldn't write fantasy, so I wrote something my English teacher couldn't stand. I'm much more happy now…

‘I’m sorry, but we just can’t look after you. You’re getting in trouble with the police too often. You’re going to have to leave, at least for a week or two, so your mother and I can have time to ourselves to discuss this.’
Matthew slung his backpack over his shoulder. The news that his parents were kicking him out came as no surprise. He had even expected it to happen sooner. But he had also expected at least his mother to crack, to show some compassion. When he walked out the door, his father, mother and brother were all frowning. Not so much as a tear stained their silent faces.
‘Great,’ Matthew thought aloud to himself, ‘my family hates me.’

He made a beeline straight towards the dilapidated apartment building where his father had rented him a flat. At least he didn’t have to live on the street. He knew that his situation wouldn’t help his schoolwork one bit, but then again, since when did he care about that? At the moment, his attention was focused on surviving. Especially at school. A boy named John had decided to victimize Matthew as soon as he stepped onto the high school grounds. Just because Matthew was an albino. Unfortunately for Matthew, John had a large group of cronies who made sure that the chosen victim was both outnumbered and isolated from any help.

When Matthew arrived at school the following Monday, no-one had any clue of the travesty that was going to occur that week.

It was a normal school day. Generally. Teachers yelling, kids misbehaving and general mayhem. In class, Matthew was treated like a normal kid. The real trouble began at lunch time.
Matthew was sitting by himself, as usual, in the corner of the quadrangle. He didn’t have any lunch, and instead was hurriedly finishing his homework. Then John sauntered up, followed closely by his usual band of babbling numbskulls. Of course, Matthew didn’t say that. He said nothing, hoping against hope that John would just keep on walking.

‘Hey ghost boy, I heard your parents kicked you out of your house. They must really love you,’ John teased, in an antagonizing, sarcastic way. A familiar anger coursed through Matthew’s body.
‘How – How did you know that?’ Matthew mumbled.
‘Coz me’ dad knows the owner of that shoddy little apartment block you’re livin’ in. My dad knows everyfink.’ I seriously doubt that, Matthew thought to himself, but he didn’t say a word.

‘I bet you’re just wearing white makeup on your face so you get more attention.’ John’s cronies snickered and jeered at Matthew. They had formed a semi-circle around Matthew, and were blocking off any escape routes.
‘No I’m not,’ Matthew said. He kept his gaze down at the ground.
‘Let’s get his shirt off and check if he’s lying!’ And before Matthew could do anything, John’s gang was clawing at his shirt. He wanted so badly for the jeering to cease, for everything to just stop, however, he knew that there was absolutely no chance of that happening.

When Matthew was finally relieved of his shirt, John was having a laughing fit.
‘You’re pathetic! No wonder your family rejected you, you’re a freak! I’m surprised you even bother to come to school!’
Matthew tried to not let John get to his head. He says this every day, Matthew repeated to himself, no need to get angry. But it didn’t work. He couldn’t help it. Consumed by rage, Matthew stood up and punched John square in the jaw. John stood dumbstruck for a moment.
‘Oi! The ghost just punched me! Ghosts can’t punch people! Get ’im!’ John’s henchmen tackled Matthew and started punching and kicking him. The bell rang. The gang scarpered. Just before he left, John dropped Matthew’s shirt in a puddle of mud.
‘Oops, must’ve slipped. Bye Matt.’ Then he walked off.

Matthew wiped the blood off his face and retrieved his shirt. Years ago, his mother would pretend to be all nice and say "Hey Matt, baby, mummy needs her happy pills..." Happy pills were what she called Ecstasy. Bad experiences like that had contributed to his problems and his hate of the nickname Matt. And John took full advantage of it.

Matthew didn’t realize at the time, but John’s antics had crossed an invisible line, and John had no idea that he was going to pay dearly.

That afternoon, when Matthew was back in the ramshackle flat, he mulled over what John had said. Perhaps he was right. Matthew’s life had been going downhill ever since... Ever since John decided to pick on him. That bastard. He had ruined Matthew’s life. Matthew knew he had to make John stop. That was the only way to get his life back in control. He could stand up to John, although he did have that band of followers. They’d do anything the fat idiot told them... That was it. Get rid of John altogether. And Matthew knew of only one way to do so.

Matthew walked to school the next day. He felt confident for the first time in ages. He made it through the day without causing any suspicion. Good. His adrenalin started going through the roof five minutes before the bell. It was going to take guts, but he knew he had to do it.

BRIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIING. The bell. Matthew strode out into to the quadrangle, where he knew John would be waiting. He walked up to John. Any nerves he had been feeling were deadened by anger.
‘Hey guys, the freak wants to be beaten up today. Whaddya say we give him that pleasure?’ His cronies laughed and barked their agreement.
‘I don’t think that’s going to happen,’ Matthew said as confidently as he could.
‘Ooh-hoo! And why’s that, Matt?’
Matthew pulled out a handgun and pointed it at John’s forehead.

‘This is why.’ His grey eyes stared at John, daring him to make another wisecrack. John just sank to his knees.
‘Oh, come on, it’s just a joke, we were just kidding, you’re not really gonna shoot me, please don’t shoot...’ he kept groveling.
‘Ruining my life was a joke to you?’
‘No no no no no no...’
‘ "You’re pathetic" ’ he quoted. Matthew flicked the safety catch off and pulled the trigger.

BANG. The noise echoed around the school.

There was a stunned silence. Then, chaos. Girls screamed, boys yelled in surprise, even the birds cried out. Two teachers came running over. They came to an abrupt halt when they saw the gun in Matthew’s pale hand, and the bloody form of John.
‘It’s okay Matthew, if you just put the gun down, we can sort all this out...’ Matthew did as the teacher asked. There was no reason not to. He knew that what he did was bad, and that he should face the consequences. He wasn’t going to deny that. It was just the only way he knew how to get rid of John.

As the police handcuffed him and put him in the back of the police car, Matthew felt strangely calm. He knew that in its own little way, justice had been served.

پر کاربردترین کلمات در زبان انگلیسی

eskandari — Tue, 27 Jan 2009 20:31:18 GMT

The 500 Most Commonly Used Words in the English Language

Based on the combined results of British English, American English and Australian English surveys of contemporary sources in English: newspapers, magazines, books, TV, radio and real life conversations - the language as it is written and spoken today.

Rank	Word	Rank	Word
1	the	126	name
2	of	127	very
3	to	128	through
4	and	129	just
5	a	130	form
6	in	131	much
7	is	132	great
8	it	133	think
9	you	134	say
10	that	135	help
11	he	136	low
12	was	137	line
13	for	138	before
14	on	139	turn
15	are	140	cause
16	with	141	same
17	as	142	mean
18	I	143	differ
19	his	144	move
20	they	145	right
21	be	146	boy
22	at	147	old
23	one	148	too
24	have	149	does
25	this	150	tell
26	from	151	sentence
27	or	152	set
28	had	153	three
29	by	154	want
30	hot	155	air
31	but	156	well
32	some	157	also
33	what	158	play
34	there	159	small
35	we	160	end
36	can	161	put
37	out	162	home
38	other	163	read
39	were	164	hand
40	all	165	port
41	your	166	large
42	when	167	spell
43	up	168	add
44	use	169	even
45	word	170	land
46	how	171	here
47	said	172	must
48	an	173	big
49	each	174	high
50	she	175	such
51	which	176	follow
52	do	177	act
53	their	178	why
54	time	179	ask
55	if	180	men
56	will	181	change
57	way	182	went
58	about	183	light
59	many	184	kind
60	then	185	off
61	them	186	need
62	would	187	house
63	write	188	picture
64	like	189	try
65	so	190	us
66	these	191	again
67	her	192	animal
68	long	193	point
69	make	194	mother
70	thing	195	world
71	see	196	near
72	him	197	build
73	two	198	self
74	has	199	earth
75	look	200	father
76	more	201	head
77	day	202	stand
78	could	203	own
79	go	204	page
80	come	205	should
81	did	206	country
82	my	207	found
83	sound	208	answer
84	no	209	school
85	most	210	grow
86	number	211	study
87	who	212	still
88	over	213	learn
89	know	214	plant
90	water	215	cover
91	than	216	food
92	call	217	sun
93	first	218	four
94	people	219	thought
95	may	220	let
96	down	221	keep
97	side	222	eye
98	been	223	never
99	now	224	last
100	find	225	door
101	any	226	between
102	new	227	city
103	work	228	tree
104	part	229	cross
105	take	230	since
106	get	231	hard
107	place	232	start
108	made	233	might
109	live	234	story
110	where	235	saw
111	after	236	far
112	back	237	sea
113	little	238	draw
114	only	239	left
115	round	240	late
116	man	241	run
117	year	242	don't
118	came	243	while
119	show	244	press
120	every	245	close
121	good	246	night
122	me	247	real
123	give	248	life
124	our	249	few
125	under	250	stop

Rank	Word	Rank	Word
251	open	376	ten
252	seem	377	simple
253	together	378	several
254	next	379	vowel
255	white	380	toward
256	children	381	war
257	begin	382	lay
258	got	383	against
259	walk	384	pattern
260	example	385	slow
261	ease	386	center
262	paper	387	love
263	often	388	person
264	always	389	money
265	music	390	serve
266	those	391	appear
267	both	392	road
268	mark	393	map
269	book	394	science
270	letter	395	rule
271	until	396	govern
272	mile	397	pull
273	river	398	cold
274	car	399	notice
275	feet	400	voice
276	care	401	fall
277	second	402	power
278	group	403	town
279	carry	404	fine
280	took	405	certain
281	rain	406	fly
282	eat	407	unit
283	room	408	lead
284	friend	409	cry
285	began	410	dark
286	idea	411	machine
287	fish	412	note
288	mountain	413	wait
289	north	414	plan
290	once	415	figure
291	base	416	star
292	hear	417	box
293	horse	418	noun
294	cut	419	field
295	sure	420	rest
296	watch	421	correct
297	color	422	able
298	face	423	pound
299	wood	424	done
300	main	425	beauty
301	enough	426	drive
302	plain	427	stood
303	girl	428	contain
304	usual	429	front
305	young	430	teach
306	ready	431	week
307	above	432	final
308	ever	433	gave
309	red	434	green
310	list	435	oh
311	though	436	quick
312	feel	437	develop
313	talk	438	sleep
314	bird	439	warm
315	soon	440	free
316	body	441	minute
317	dog	442	strong
318	family	443	special
319	direct	444	mind
320	pose	445	behind
321	leave	446	clear
322	song	447	tail
323	measure	448	produce
324	state	449	fact
325	product	450	street
326	black	451	inch
327	short	452	lot
328	numeral	453	nothing
329	class	454	course
330	wind	455	stay
331	question	456	wheel
332	happen	457	full
333	complete	458	force
334	ship	459	blue
335	area	460	object
336	half	461	decide
337	rock	462	surface
338	order	463	deep
339	fire	464	moon
340	south	465	island
341	problem	466	foot
342	piece	467	yet
343	told	468	busy
344	knew	469	test
345	pass	470	record
346	farm	471	boat
347	top	472	common
348	whole	473	gold
349	king	474	possible
350	size	475	plane
351	heard	476	age
352	best	477	dry
353	hour	478	wonder
354	better	479	laugh
355	true .	480	thousand
356	during	481	ago
357	hundred	482	ran
358	am	483	check
359	remember	484	game
360	step	485	shape
361	early	486	yes
362	hold	487	hot
363	west	488	miss
364	ground	489	brought
365	interest	490	heat
366	reach	491	snow
367	fast	492	bed
368	five	493	bring
369	sing	494	sit
370	listen	495	perhaps
371	six	496	fill
372	table	497	east
373	travel	498	weight
374	less	499	language
375	morning	500	among

eskandari — Tue, 20 Jan 2009 13:52:38 GMT

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نام های انگلیسی مهره ای شطرنج

eskandari — Tue, 20 Jan 2009 12:44:24 GMT

شطرنج

امروز که توکلاس درس بودم یکی از بچه ها اسم مهره های شطرنج رو ازم خواست .از اون جایی که توکلاس همیشه وقت کم میارم و به قول بچه ها اگه سر صحبت باز بشه تهش رو الله اعلم, ترجیح دادم تو وبم مطلبو بذارم.با اجازه از وب آقای آرش استفاده کردم .

نگاهی به نام خارجی ساير مهره های شطرنج و مقايسه آنها با نام فارسی اشان جالب است:

King
معنای لغوی «پادشاه» است، و در فارسی هم به همان نام «شاه» ترجمه شده است.

Queen
همانطور که گفته شد، به معنای «ملکه، شهبانو و زن پادشاه» است، اما در فارسی به «وزير» ترجمه شده. دليلش را نميدانم.

Rook
معنای لغوی اين کلمه به معنای «کلاغ زاغی و کلاغ سياه» است. اما نام فارسی آن «رخ» است. در مورد اين مهره گويا نام Rook از نام فارسی آن برگرفته شده است. «رخ» در زبان فارسی به معنای «ارابه جنگی» است.

Bishop
به معنای «اسقف» است که يکی از مقامات کليسا است. اما در شطرنج فارسی به «فيل» ترجمه شده!

Knight
در ديکشنری اين واژه به «قهرمان، شواليه، نجيب زاده و سوارکار» ترجمه شده. در فارسی هم به نام «اسب» شناخته ميشود. احتمالا دليل اين نامگذاری شکل اين مهره است، که به شکل کله اسب است.

Pawn
در زبان انگليسی اين واژه به معنای «گروگان» است. در صفحه شطرنج ايرانيها به اين مهره «سرباز» يا «پياده» ميگويند.

به نظر ميرسد، به جز مهره «شاه» که ترجمه فارسی و انگليسی اش شبيه هم است، و «رخ» که نام انگليسی اش برگرفته از نام فارسی است، ترجمه هايی که برای نام مهره های «پياده» و «اسب» شده نيز تا اندازه ای قابل تحمل است (يعنی دست کم نام های فارسی و انگليسی اين مهره ها به شکل و شمايل خود مهره مرتبط هستند).

اما نميدانم چرا «ملکه»، «وزير» دربار شده است، و «اسقف» اعظم به مقام شامخ «فيل» بودن رسيده است!

درست نميدانم اين نامها که ما داريم، ترجمه ای از روی نامهای خارجی است، يا آنها از زبان فارسی ترجمه کرده اند، يا هر دو از زبان سومی ترجمه شده. اما به نظر ميرسد نامهای انگليسی نامهای بامسماتری هستند. مثلا نام «ملکه» با توجه به قدرت فوق العاده آن، نام بهتری برای مهره «وزير» است. در مورد «فيل» که خيلی قضيه حادتر است، شکل و شمايل اين مهره نه تنها هيچ شباهتی به فيل ندارد، که اتفاقا خيلی هم شبيه کلاه «اسقف»هاست.

بگذريم، اگر کسی چيزی دراين باره ميداند، ما را هم خبر کند. ممنون ميشوم.

مثالی از شعر خاقانی:

از اسب پیاده شو بر نطع ِ زمین رخ نه / زیر ِ پی ِ پیلش بین شه‌مات شده نعمان

می‌بینی که نام‌های همه‌ی مهره‌های شطرنج جز وزیر یا فرزین در این بیت آمده. البته نطع هم به معنای صفحه‌ی شطرنج است.

یا این بیت از مولوی:

تا کی دوشاخه چون رخی تا کی چو بیذق کم تکی
تا کی چو فرزین کژ روی فرزانه شو فرزانه شو

بیدق=عربی‌شده‌ی پیاده
فرزین= وزیر

نا گفته نماند که ایرانی ها به این بازی shatranj و هندی ها shaturanga می گفتند .البته شطرنج هندی ها با شطرنج امروزه خیلی متفاوت بوده و شطرنجی که ما امروزه به نام chessمی شناسیم بیشتر شبیه به شطرنج ایرانیست. به هر حال تمام مهره های شطرنج نشانه قدرت شاهان ,سیاست و قدرت وزیران واستحکام کاخ ها ورنج و زحمت مردم در طول تاریخ بوده است .پس زمانی که بر صفحه شطرنج می نشینید و متفکرانه مهره های خود را حرکت می دهید , صدای تاریخ را نیز میشنوید.